1. Fundamental Concepts (07 hrs)
Thermodynamic state and system, boundary, surrounding, universe,
thermodynamic systems – closed, open, isolated, adiabatic, homogeneous and
heterogeneous, macroscopic and microscopic, properties of system – intensive and
extensive, thermodynamic equilibrium, quasi – static process, reversible and
irreversible processes, Zeroth law of thermodynamics, definition of properties like
pressure, volume, temperature, enthalpy, internal energy.
2. Laws of Perfect Gases (06 hrs)
Definition of gases, explanation of perfect gas laws – Boyle’s law, Charle’s law,
Avagadro’s law, Regnault’s law, Universal gas constant, Characteristic gas
constants, derivation
Specific heat at constant pressure, specific heat at constant volume of gas,
derivation of an expression for specific heats with characteristics, simple problems
on gas equation
3. Thermodynamic Processes on Gases (08 hrs)
Types of thermodynamic processes – isochoric, isobaric, isothermal, hyperbolic,
isentropic, polytropic and throttling processes, equations representing the
processes
Derivation of work done, change in internal energy, change in entropy, rate of heat
transfer for the above processes
4. Laws of Thermodynamics (12 hrs)
Laws of conservation of energy, first law of thermodynamics (Joule’s
experiment), Application of first law of thermodynamics to non-flow systems – Constant volume, constant pressure, Adiabatic and polytropic processes, steady
flow energy equation, Application of steady flow energy to equation, turbines,
pump, boilers, compressors, nozzles, evaporators, limitations.
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Heat source and heat sinks, statement of second laws of thermodynamics: Kelvin
Planck’s statement, Classius statement, equivalence of statements, Perpetual
motion Machine of first kind, second kind, Carnot engine, Introduction of third
law of thermodynamics, concept of irreversibility, entropy.
5. Ideal and Real Gases (06 hrs)
Concept of ideal gas, enthalpy and specific heat capacities of an ideal gas,
P – V – T surface of an ideal gas, triple point, real gases, Vander-Wall’s equation
6. Properties of Steam (07 hrs)
Formation of steam and related terms, thermodynamics properties of steam, steam
tables, internal latent heat, internal energy of stream, entropy of water, entropy of
steam, T- S diagrams, Mollier diagram (H – S Chart), Expansion of steam,
Hyperbolic, reversible adiabatic and throttling processes
Quality of steam (dryness fraction), finding dryness fraction using separating and
throttling calorimeter, Rankine cycle
7. Steam Generators (06 hrs)
Uses of steam, classification of boilers, comparison of fire tube and water tube
boilers. Construction features of Lancashire boiler, nestler boiler, Babcock &
Wilcox Boiler. Introduction to modern boilers.
8. Air Compressors (08 hrs)
Functions of air compressor – uses of compressed air, type of air compressors
Single stage reciprocating air compressor, its construction and working,
representation of processes involved on P – V diagram, calculation of work done.
Multistage compressors – advantages over single stage compressors, use of air
cooler – condition of minimum work in two stage compressor (without proof),
simple problems
Rotary compressors – types, descriptive treatment of centrifugal compressor, axial
flow compressor, vane type compressor
9. Introduction to Heat Transfer (04 hrs)
Modes of heat transfer, Fourier’s law, steady state conduction, composite
structures, Natural and forced convection, thermal radiation