Valency

periods

Anion

22.4L

3(3s,3p,3d)

Calcium and magnesium salt of fatty acids

Base

(d) same number of protons

(b) sp²

(b) +7

(c) RCHO

(c) remain same

(b) gain electrons

(e) 1s²,2s¹,2p_x¹,2p_y¹,2p_z¹

Dimensional formula is helpful in finding units from one system to another of the physical quantity.

Velocity is displacement time i.e.  units = ms^-1

Dimensional formula = [M⁰L¹T^-1]

Pressure is equal to mass x acceleration/ area

i.e. [ML^-1T^-2]

Work is Force x Displacement

i.e. [ML²T^-2]

Wavelength is a  property of a wave that is the distance between the identical points between two successive waves.

Wave is defined as the number of wavelengths per unit distance is represented by

           λ  is the wavelength

Frequency: It describes the number of waves that pass z fixed place in a given amount of time

 =           c = speed of light

The protons and neutrons inside the atomic nucleus exhibit shell structure in a manner similar to electrons in an atom. For naturally stable nuclei these nuclear shells fill completely when the number of protons or the number of neutrons is equal to the magic numbers i.e. 2,8,20,50,82 or 126.

(i) Both covalent and metallic bonds are strong bonds
(ii) Both are primary bonds
(iii) Both bonds result in the formation of complex structures
(iv) the formation of both covalent and metallic bonds result in the formation  of more stable compound than the original
(v) compounds with covalent and metallic bonds are insoluble in polar solvents.

Hard water contains carbonates, chlorides, sulphides of calcium, magnesium, etc. From all of them, the molecular mass of calcium carbonate is 100. Measuring hardness requires one standard value, as a constant to associate with.
Hence the hardness of water is measured in terms of CaCO₃ as it would be easier to associate values with respect to 100 as compared to molecular masses of other hardness causing agents.

Potable water simply means that is safe to drink and it is becoming scarcer in the world i.e. lack of access to fresh potable water. The amount of drinking water required varies to depend on physical activity, age, health issues and environmental conditions. Potable water like every other substance contains small amounts of bacteria. Most of these bacterias are common ones and they are generally not harmful. Chlorine is usually added to drinking water to prevent bacterial growth while the water streams through pipelines.

Isothermal and adiabatic processes are the common terms of thermodynamic while discussing the energy variation in form of heat. In isothermal  “iso” means equal and “thermal” means the temperature. Which means the temperature of the system remains constant. The transfer of the heat in or out of the system happens so slowly that thermal equilibrium is maintained. During isothermal process, there is a change in internal energy, heat and work through the temperature remains the same.
An adiabatic process is a thermodynamic process in which there is no heat transfer, into or out of the system and generally obtained by surroundings. The entire system with a strongly insulating material. In this process transfer of energy to or from the system in the form of work only.

The first law of thermodynamics states that “the total energy of system & its surroundings remain constant” i.e. the change in the energy of a system equals the heat flow in the system from the surroundings Minus the work done by the system on the surroundings”.
Mathematically,
∆U = dQ - dW

 Indicator:- An indicator is a substance that undergoes a distinct observable change when condition in its solution change. This could be a color change, precipitate formation, bubble formation, temperature change or other measurable quantity. Some commonly used indicators are Blue Litmus solution, Red litmus Solution, Methyl Orange, Phenolphthalein, etc.

Titration:- A titration is a technique when a solution of known concentration is used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution. Typically, the titrant is added from a burette to known of the analytic the reaction is complete.

Endpoint:- The endpoint refers to the point at which the indicator changes color in a titration.
 

Electrolyte:- An electrolyte is any salt or ionisable molecule that when dissolved in solution will give that solution the ability to conduct electricity. This is because when a salt dissolves, its dissociated ions can move freely in solution allowing a charge to flow. E.g. table salt is an electrolyte.

Non-electrolyte:- These are compounds that do not ionize at all in solution. As a result, solutions containing non-electrolytes will not conduct electricity. Typically, non-electrolyte are primarily held together by covalent rather than ionic bond. E.g. glucose is non-electrolyte.

Position Isomerism:- positional isomerism have the same carbon skeleton and the same functional groups but differ from each other in location of the functional groups.

Functional Isomerism:- Functional isomerism have the same molecular formula but different functional group in the given molecule.