Respiration is known as exothermic reaction because energy is released during this process.

Analogous Organs

Diagram

Defect:  Hypermetropia

(d) Double  Dis placement  reaction

Synapse : Synapse  is a narrow  gap  containing communicating  junction  between  two narrow  where Axon   terminal  comes near to dendrite of next  narrow .

Diagram

1   

   2    Thyroid gland (in the neck )

Focal length (F) = 2m

            Power  of  lens  = 

                                          =

                            Power of lens    -0.5D

(i)  Magnetic  field lines  always  starts  from   North pole  and  end  at South pole .

      (ii)  The strength of magnetic field lines is depend upon degree of Closeness.

       (iii)  Two  magnetic field lines  cannot  intersect  each other .

Carbon dioxide  gas is produced during  this reaction .

When card  or sour  substances  are  kept  in copper  or brass  vessels  it  reacts  with copper  and forms   toxic  compounds which  may unfit for  human  consumption  and  may cause food  poisoning.

(i) Molecular formula  of  Butane :   

                               Diagram

            (ii)  Propanal

                              Diagram

Mendeleev   Periodic law : It  states   that  “the properties  of elements are  periodic function  of their atomic  masses.

(i) Atomic size: Varies Top to Bottom.   

 Atomic size increases because increase in atomic radius due to increase in no: of shells.

                Diagram

    (ii)   Metallic Character : Varies top to bottom

     Atomic size increases with increase in no. of shell. Therefore Metallic character increases down the group.

In highly organized plants ,  Vascular tissues ( Xylem and Phloem) are the main components of  transportation system . In general Xylem carries the water  and Minerals from root  to upper  part and phloem carries food from leaves to other parts

In the figure  flaming left  Hand Rule is shown

                     1  Field

                     2  Current

Characteristics  of  ideals  source of energy:

        (i) An ideal source is one which has high calorific value.

       (ii) Which has proper  ignition  temp.

       (iii) Which burns without  giving  out  any  smoke or harmful  gases

       (iv) Which burns smoothly  and  does  not  leave any residues.

        (v) Which is easy to handle , easy to transport.

Decomposers are the animals which feed  on dead  plants  and  animals . They  are known as Environmental cleaners

 Role of  Decomposers  : They have  a huge role in the eco system as  they  clear the dead  remaining bodies and make manure for trees.

Changes we  would  see in order  to be  environmental friendly:

   (i) By Sanitation

   (ii) By using 3Rs formula (Reduce, Reuse, Recyde)

   (iii)By not wasting  the water

   (iv) By not wasting the electricity.

   (v)  By avoiding much use of Bikes, Cars, etc.

   (vi) using Bicycles for  short distances.

   (vii) By growing  more and  more trees.

                     (blue)       (green)       reddish brown

   This is displacement reaction. In which  Fe displaces Cu and from  new substance which have different properties and color.

   Iron nails become green in colour . when combine with  sulphate.

Diagram

        Ethene.

       4 single covalent bonds  are present .

       This is  called unsaturated Hydrocarbon and belongs to ethane family.

Fossils : These are the dead remains of animals buried deep under the soil which are basically   impression of post animals million year ago.

    Formation of fossils is known as fossilization

    These fossils  provide the evidence that present animals and plants have originated from

  previously existing ones thought the process of continuous evolution

Diagram

   This is a CONCAVE MIRROR      

  The object  is placed beyond ‘C’ centre of curvature

  Characteristics : * The image is of small size.      

         The image is real and inverted

         The image is formed between  C and F.

When sunlight passes thought the atmosphere most of the longer wavelength lights [Red,Orange,Yellow,etc] do not scattered much by the air molecules. The Shorter wavelength blue light is scattered all around the sky by air molecules, whichever direction we look some of this scattered blue light enters owl eye from everywhere overhead the sky look blue.

Diagram

      Various change in girls during adolescent  age / Puberty are:  

      (i) Hair grow under armpits and public region.

     (ii) Mammary glands or breasts develop and enlarge.

     (iii) The hips starts broaden

     (iv) Extra fat is deposited on different parts like hips and things

     (v) Fallopian tube, uterus and vagina enlarge. Ovaries start to release egg.

    (vi) Menstruation begin to start.

      Qestragen and Progesterone are responsible for these.

Ohm’s law :It states that at some physical condition the current  flowers though a conductor is directly proportional to the Potential Difference across it .

V=RI                                          [R=constant of proportionality called Resistance]

Diagram

(a) Conductor: Those materials which conduct or allow the electricity to pass  thought them are known as conductors.

Example: copper

                  Gold

                 Silver

                 Aluminium

(B) (i) In series if one electrical appliance stop working them all other also stopped.

 (ii) In series all appliances have one switch due to which they cannot be turn on/of separately.

 (iii) In series all appliances do not get same voltage.

Physical properties of Metals:

(i) Malleability : The metals  can be converted into thin sheets by hammering  example:-               Aluminium, Gold etc.

(ii) Ductile : The metals can be converted into wires by stretching.

     Example:- Copper, Silver etc.

(iii) Heat and Electricity: Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity

     Example:- Silver, Copper etc.

Chemical properties of metals:

(i) Metals react with oxygen and form metal oxide.

Na+O2→Na2O

K+O2→K2O

(ii) Most of metal oxide are insoluble in water .but some of metal oxides dissolved I water to from Alkalis (base)

(iii) Aluminium is the metals which react with oxygen on strong heating

(a) (i) By painting the object

         (ii) By galvanization

        (iii) By tin plating or Chromium plating.

        (iv) By applying grease or oil.

(b) (i) Graphite

      (ii) Iodine