Transducers and Electrodes: Different type of transducer and their selection for
Biomedical applications; Inductive, capacitive, piezoelectric transducers, Thermistors:
Radiation & Chemical thermometry; Electrode theory and Different types of Electrodes.
Polarization, Electrode behaviour, Electrode-skin interface.
Origin of Bio-potentials: Electric activity of excitable cells, Neuron resting potential,
Nerst equation : ECG, EEG, EMG, source of these potentials, generation of signals,
recording.
Cardio Vascular Measurement: Measurement of blood pressure, balloon flow, cardiac
output and cardiac rate.
Respiratory System Measurements: Respiratory mechanism; Measurement of gas
volume, flow rate, carbon dioxide and oxygen concentration in exhaled air, respiration
controller.
Medical Imaging Systems: Radiography, CAT scan, Ultrasonic scanning and nuclear
medicine, principles and applications, Angio graphy, flour scopy.
Bio-effects of Microwaves: Interaction of microwaves with biological systems.
Diathermy, Biological Hazards of microwaves as well as low fr
Therapeutic and Prosthetic Devices: Cardiac pacemakers, electrical stimulators,
Defibrill'ors and cardioverters
Heamodialysis, Ventilators.
Electrical Safety: Physiological effects of electricity, Micro shock and Macro shock
hazards; Electrical safety standards Basic approaches to shock protection.