Introduction to Fuels
Classification of automotive fuels and drivetrains, Scenario of conventional auto fuels, Oil
reserves of the world fuel quality aspects related to emissions, technological up gradations
required, Need for alternate fuel, business driving factors for alternative fuels, roadmap for
alternative fuels, alternate fuel development worldwide.
Automotive Fuels: Properties, production, storage, handling, performance and safety aspects,
advantages and disadvantages, Emissions, Engine modifications of the following
o Gaseous Automotive Fuels: Hydrogen, Compressed natural gas, Liquefied petroleum
gas:
o Bio –Fuels
o Biogas, Biodiesel:
o Alcohols
o Methanol, Ethanol, DEE, DME:
o Synthetic alternate Fuels
o Wood Gas, Tyre Pyrolysis Oil:
o Reformulated Conventional Fuels
o Emulsified Fuels:
Future alternative fuels
Ammonia: properties, ammonia in nature, hazards, carrier for hydrogen, storage, stationary
engine application, ammonia for fuel cell vehicles.
Boron: properties, overview of the boron – water process, features, analysis.
Water:Japanese water car, water fuel cell, hydrogen boosters, water to gas technology.
SECTION B
Introduction to emission
Pollutants, sources, formation of HC and CO in SI engines, NO formation in SI and CI engines,
Particulate emission from SI and CI engines, Smoke Emission in CI engines. Effect of operating
variables on Emission formation, Transient operational effects on pollution
SI Engine & CI Engines Combustion and Pollutant Formation
Basic Chemistry combustion - HC and CO formation in 4-stoke and 2-stroke SI engines - NO
formation, - Particulate emissions, - Effects of operating variables on emission formation.
Smoke emissions, Color and aldehyde emissions. Photochemical smog, Sulphur, Phosphorus
emissions,
Post Combustion Treatment
Introduction, physical conditions and exhaust gas compositions before treatment, catalytic
mechanism. Thermal reactions, installation of catalyst in exhaust lines, NOx treatment in diesel
engines. Diesel trap oxidizers
Control Techniques Engine Emission Reduction
Design changes - Optimization of operating factors - Exhaust gas recirculation - Fumigation - Air
injection PCV system - Exhaust treatment in SI engines - Thermal reactors - Catalytic converters
- Catalysts - Use of unleaded petrol.
Test Procedure & Instrumentation for Emission Measurement