EA (B-TECH Electronics and Communication Engineering 4th)

Unit I Electromagnetic Waves:

 Maxwell's equations in differential and integral forms Wave equation and its

solution in different media, polarization. Plane wave propagation in a dielectric medium, Reflection and

transmission of an EM waves. Surface impedance, Poynting theorem.

Unit II Waveguides and Transmission Lines:

 Waves between parallel planes. TE, TM and TEM Waves,

velocities of propagation, Attenuation in parallel plane guides, wave impedance. Circuit representation of

parallel plane transmission lines. Low loss transmission lines. Distortion less condition. Smith charts.

Rectangular and circular wave guides. Wave impedance and characteristics impedances. Transmission line

analogy for wave guides.

Unit III Antennas:

 introduction, concept of radiation in single wire, two wire, and dipole, Antenna parameters,

Retarded potential, infinitesimal dipole. Current distribution of short dipole and half wave dipole, Far-field,

Radiating near-field and reactive near-field region, Monopole and Half wave dipole.

Unit IV Antenna Arrays:

 Array of two point sources, Array factor, Array configurations, Hansen-woodyard end fire

array, n-element linear array with uniform amplitude and spacing, n-element linear array with nonuniform spacing,

Analysis of Binomial and Dolph-Tschebysceff array, Scanning Array, Super directive array.

 Unit V Aperture Antennas:

  Field Equivalence principle, Rectangular and circular aperture antennas, Horn antenna, Babinet’s

Principle, Slot Antenna, Reflector antenna.

Unit VI Wave Propagation:

 Free space equation, Reflection from earth’s surface, Surface and Space wave

propagation, Range of space wave propagation, Effective earth’s radius, Duct propagation, Troposphere

propagation. Structure of ionosphere, propagation of radio waves through ionosphere, Critical frequency,

Maximum usable frequency, Optimum working frequency, lowest usable high frequency, virtual height, Skip

Distance, Effect of earth’s magnetic field